Chapter 9 world history AP notes Essay

Overall Summary (ablongman)- â€Å"In addition to the great civilizations of Asia and North Africa forming during the postclassical period, two related major civilizations formed in Europe. The Byzantine Empire, in western Asia and southeastern Europe, expanded into eastern Europe. The other was defined by the influence of Catholicism in western and central Europe. The Byzantine Empire, with territory in the Balkans, the Middle East, and the eastern Mediterranean, maintained very high levels of political, economic, and cultural life between 500 and 1450 C.E. The empire continued many Roman patterns and spread its Orthodox Christian civilization through most of eastern Europe, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia. Catholic Christianity, without an imperial center, spread in western Europe. Two separate civilizations emerged from the differing Christian influences† The Byzantine Empire â€Å"The Byzantine Empire unfolded initially as part of the greater Roman Empire. Then, as this framework shattered with Roman decline, it took a life of its own, particularly from the reign of Emperor Justinian onward. It centered on a territory different from and smaller than the eastern Mediterranean as Rome had defined it. This was the result of new pressures, particularly the surge of Islam throughout North Africa and the bulk of the Middle East. Despite many attacks, the empire flourished until the 11th century.† Origins of the Empire: †¢You can think of the beginning of the empire as the 4th century CE oThis was when the Romans set up their western capitol of Constantinople †¢This one city became a strong and thriving center of an empire with a falling imperial structure †¢Emperor Constantine started to build many elaborate buildings, some of which were Christian churches oBuild his city off of the small town of Byzantium oEastern emperors would rule from this new city †¢Even before the fall of western Rome †¢Warded off intruders (including the Huns) †¢Had a solid tax base because of the peasant agriculture of the eastern Mediterranean †¢Emperor Justinian (in the 6th century) changed the official language to Greek (Latin had been the court language of the eastern empire; however, it became inferior & considered barbaric) oThis Greek knowledge gave scholars of the eastern empire to read the ancient Athenian philosophical and literary classics & the Hellenistic writings freely †¢High levels of commerce (Had been in the eastern Mediterranean) helped the new empire †¢Hellenized Egyptians and Syrians started to become involved in their administration oThis was due to the fact that many of them were moving to Constantinople (& entered the expanding bureaucracy) †¢Byzantine empire had many foreign enemies

My Advices to Upcoming High School Students Essay

If I was able to go back to my high school year, some advice that I would give to upcoming students is: join many academic activities, join lots of club to stay connect to the school, do your homework assignments and turn in the assignments on time. I am sure that if you follow at least two or three of these suggestions, you will love going to school and also have a motive to go to school every day and do your homework. When you do your assignments on time, you will receive good grades and good honors, too. Firstly, when you are able to join at least one or two academic activities after school, you have so much fun and you get to meet more and more people. The activities also help you lose weight and the best benefit is competing with others. For instance, when my sister was in the swimming team her freshman, sophomore and junior year, she was barely home. She was always busy with her swimming team and having fun swimming against other schools. After every swimming competition, she will always come home with a smile on her face and we always thought her school had won, but really they didn’t win. She told me she didn’t care about winning; the most she cared about was being able to have fun, enjoy herself, and know what her capability is. For that, I would recommend students to take after school activities and be able to learn what their body is capable of doing instead of being shy like me and not do anything except coming home and just do my everyday routine. Secondly, joining after school clubs are awesome too. You are able to connect with students and also many teachers. This is a really great opportunity to do when student’s first entering a new school because you get to know other students faster and also different teacher’s in your school. They can also write you recommendations for college too. The better the teacher knows about you, the more they can write and elaborate to the colleges about you in the recommendations. Some students join clubs to help out after school activities like sports, parent conferences, school dances, and many more. This way you are able to be known in school for being a very great and helpful student and make many friends since everybody will know you by all the support you have given. Lastly, doing your homework is the number one priority in school and in college because without doing your homework, you are not able to do after school activities and play any sports. You have to be able to do the homework and turn the homework in on time to receive full credit for a good grade. Putting all your effort into the homework may seem like it is not worth it, but afterwards, you see how far you have gone and what things you have learned thanks to all the homework and all the teachers pushing deadlines and being so strict about homework. Always do your homework no matter how hard it is because the homework is doable; you just have to put all your time and effort into it to get it done the way the teacher wants it. Heeding these tips, you are able to gain many assets and help that you will be very proud of yourself and it will always help you down the future of life. You will always need recommendations for colleges and jobs and you will be able to get that easily because of all the after school activities. You will be able to go to attend more education and do all your assignments and turn them on time because you have already been down that route already. You will also learn how to stay fit because you were able to stay fit during high school with all the academic activities and learning how to motivate yourself without anyone motivating you.

History of African American Music Essay

The history of African American music has been characterized by a mixture among various forms of music. Country blues, urban blues, New Orleans Jazz, Bebop, big-band jazz, and rhythm and blues, have all influenced each other profoundly. These influences flowed back and forth among the various forms. But, black gospel music had only a very limited effect on popular styles, until a few church-trained artists, such as Sam Cooke and Ray Charles, began to incorporate gospel styling into their popular work. The result is usually described as â€Å"soul music,† a mix of blues, rhythm and blues, and gospel voices. But, if Ray Charles was one of the â€Å"originators† of soul music, â€Å"Aretha Franklin reshaped it,† by bringing even more of her gospel background to bear on secular love songs (Wade and Picardie 27). By combining popular elements with her stunning voice, her great musicianship, and the feeling for a song that she learned in church, Aretha became one of the greatest soul singers to ever live. Aretha Franklin is a well-known pop, R&B, and gospel singer. She has been nicknamed â€Å"The Queen of Soul† and is an internationally known artist and a symbol of pride in the African American community. Her popularity soared in 1967 when she released an album containing songs â€Å"I Never Loved a Man†, â€Å"Respect†, and â€Å"Baby I Love You. † Throughout her career she has achieved fifteen Grammy Awards, Lifetime Achievement Award, National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences Legend Awards, and many Grammy Hall of Fame Awards. In 1987 she became the first woman inducted into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Time magazine chose her as one of the most influential artists and entertainers of the 20th century. She sang at Dr. Martin Luther King’s funeral and at former President Bill Clinton’s inaugural party. Although she has all these accomplishments and awards there are other reasons that have driven Franklin to fame and landed her on the front cover of Time magazine on June 28, 1968. The reasons I believe allowed Aretha Franklin to become so successful are the following: Her family’s involvement with religion, the inspiring people that surrounded her, and the pain she suffered. It is clear that because her family’s involvement with religion would be one reason why Aretha Franklin became as famous as a Gospel singer. Some people would say that her love for religion is unbelievable, but after researching her childhood it is very believable. Her father, Reverend Clarence LaVaugh Franklin lived in Shelby Mississippi and preached while living the life of a sharecropper. As soon as he had enough money, he would move to Memphis, Tennessee to become a pastor of two churches. After a couple of years he attended LeMoyne College, and he studied Education and English Literature. With his education he was able to bring a more liberal view to his preaching’s. Then he moved the family to Buffalo, New York. When he had the resources, he moved the family again to Detroit, Michigan were he settled and became a pastor of a churched called New Bethel Baptist Church. He quickly became one of the most famous pastors in the city of Detroit. Aretha was two years old when they made their final move, she would grow up here and grab the emotion of Church and incorporate it into her music. Aretha Franklin’s mom, Barbara V. Skaggers, served as choir director and pianist. Aretha describes her mom as â€Å"a Superb singer, her voice was clear and distinctive†. (Franklin and Ritz, 6) Her parents taught her how to sing with great pride. This was a big issue because the late ‘50s, early ‘60s was a time of turmoil for African Americans. Her father especially tried to instill pride into her. He was a Civil Rights activist and he was a close colleague with Dr. Martin Luther King. With her parents keeping her involved in Church she was bound to become one of the world’s greatest singers. At around age 12, the father recognized Aretha’s talent as a singer. So he took her on the road with his traveling gospel show. This was important because it shows the kind of support Aretha received from her family. It was said, â€Å"She was a spellbinding performer at the age of fourteen. † (Franklin, 3) So her family really supported and inspired her to become a gospel singer. What also made her a great artist was that she had inspiring people all around her. Aretha grew up in Detroit which at the time was a rousing city or a city of hope for the African Americans running away from the brutality of the South. Though Detroit still had its problems such as race riots, many famous musicians grew up there. Also since New Bethel Baptist Church was so prominent, many musicians and political leaders used Reverend Franklin’s pulpit as a platform to sing or speak to the Black’s of Detroit. Aretha was introduced to classical music by Smokey Robinson’s sister Sylvia Burston. She listened to well known local DJ’s like Ruth Brown and Senator Brystal Brown. When Aretha was younger, she would ride her bike to the local park, and on her way home she would stop by a night club where you could here B. B. King perform. She says, â€Å"You could hear the soft sound of his guitar all the way to the sidewalk (Franklin and Ritz, 22). National and local political leaders would give there speeches. Speakers such as Dr. Adam Clayton Powell, Sr. , Dr. Martin Luther King, and Reverend Jesse Jackson would speak powerfully to the church. Aretha was directly influenced by Miriam Anderson, Sammy Davis, and Roy Wilkins. Detroit was overflowing with talent and speakers which I believe also contributed to Aretha’s success. Pain was probably what really drove Aretha Franklin’s success. As stated before, Franklin’s family was highly religious and was continually involved in the Church. But that doesn’t mean that she hadn’t been through a tremendous amount of pain. Early in life her mother and father got a divorce. The father was better suitable to raise Aretha and her four Siblings. The mother moved to Buffalo, New York and tried to make regular visits to see her children. She was supported her children in the best way she could, but when Aretha needed her, she still was not reachable. Matters became worst a few years later when Aretha’s mom dies of a stroke. Aretha described her mom by saying â€Å"she was the absolute lady† (Smith, 3). At age 15 she had her first child and two years later another would come. But Aretha still wanted to go out and be with friends, so her grandmother usually babysat for her periodically. In a time when Black Activism, Feminism, and Sexual Liberation were high, she needed to provide for herself. So when Aretha was old enough and was ready to start performing, she hired a man named Ted White to be her manager. He later became her husband. In the future she would divorce him for a famous actor which would end in divorce, too. Even though in 1968 to 1969, Franklin’s career was rising rapidly. She was still described by her Producer Jerry Wexler as â€Å"a person whose depressions runs deeper than the sea† (Ritchie Unterberger, 3). Then one of Franklin’s highest admirers, gospel giant Mahalia Jackson died. Right after her death a extremely emotional gospel album was released my Aretha â€Å"Amazing Grace† This record was considered to be one of the most emotional records of its time. Much of the pain that Aretha suffered was not really publicized, but still it had to be one of the reasons for her to have such a powerful voice. Aretha Franklin was a successful artist and still inspires musicians today. Her voice is still described as incredible. She has all the awards that she needs to show her talent. Works cited Franklin, Aretha, and David Ritz. Aretha: From These Roots. New York: Villard, 1999. Print. Carroll, Jillian. Aretha Franklin. Chicago: Raintree, 2004. Print.

Profile of World Food Organizations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Profile of World Food Organizations - Assignment Example FAO is currently engaged in food security programs and is striving to reduce hunger in the world in line with the Millennium Development Goals. Through a number of worldwide programs, FAO is promoting tangible and effective solutions to hunger, poverty and undernourishment. FAO is currently funding investment in agriculture. This is through the promotion of rural development in developing countries through identifying agricultural policies that are sustainable. It mobilizes funds from World Bank, regional development banks among other multilateral institutions. (FAO, 2003) The World Food Program has its headquarters in Rome, Italy. Its management team members include an Executive board having representatives from the thirty six member states. Ertharin Cousin is the current Executive Director. She is the head of the WFP secretariat. The WFP is funded by the European Union and various donations that are made voluntarily by the various governments in the world, private donors and corporations. The organization is currently involved in the coordination of pilot project, Purchase for Progress, which aims at helping the farmers access the agricultural market. WFP is also working towards improving the production in agriculture of the farmers in the developing countries through agricultural financing. UNDP has its headquarters in New York City. The management team members comprise of an administrator, Helen Clark, an associate administrator, Rebeca Grynspan and a number of assistant administrators including Tegegnework Gettu  from Ethiopia for Africa, Sima Sami Bahous representing the  Arab States,  Cihan SultanoÄŸlu  from Europe, Ajay Chhibber  representing Asia and the Pacifc,  Heraldo Munoz Valenzuela  representing the  Caribbean and the Latin America. At the Bureau of Management is  Jens Wandel  from Denmark. UNDP if funded majorly by private donors, governments and members.

Participation Exercise #4 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Participation Exercise #4 - Assignment Example Manufacturer’s expenses that occur apart from the actual manufacturing is the second component of overhead (nonmanufacturing costs). Predetermined overhead rate is useful in ‘applying’ overhead cost in a manufacturing setup. It is calculated at the beginning of the company’s accounting cycle. The formula for calculating the pre-determined overhead rate is as follows: According to generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) manufacturing overhead must be included in the cost of Work in Process Inventory and Finished Goods Inventory on a manufacturer’s balance sheet. Pre-determined rate therefore is used to divide and allocate manufacturing overhead costs to each unit produced. It is defined as the rate used to apply manufacturing overhead to work- in- process inventory (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso). From the formula for calculating predetermined overhead rate, overhead is obtained by multiplying predetermined overhead rate by actual driver units. The difference between applied overhead and the amount of overhead actually incurred is referred to as over-or-under-applied overhead. Over-applied overhead increases the cost of production hence lower the company’s level profits. Under-applied overhead gives high rates of profits which may not be the correct position of the organization (Kimmel, Weygandt and

White Collar Crime in America Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

White Collar Crime in America - Research Paper Example â€Å"White-crime statistics are drearier still. Though two out of every three Americans have been the victims of a white-collar crime, 85 percent of victims don't file reports with the authorities. An untold number may never even know they have been the victims of crimes such as stock manipulation, double billing for purchases, unnecessary home or auto repairs, embezzlement, or as evidenced by recent events, Ponzi schemes.† (O'Donnell, Jan 29, 2009.) Is there a permanent solution to root out white-collar crimes from American society and if so what are the measures to be initiated? White collar crime baffles definition. The industrialization and the internet revolution which are the foundation stones of the materialistic civilization have contributed much to the advancement of the white-collar crime. Explaining the inability of the thinkers and writers on the subject to come to an acceptable conclusion to tender a definition that is acceptable to all, David O Friedrichs goes to elaborate the major crimes which can be classified as white collar crimes. He writes, â€Å"Some of these terms include economic crime, commercial crime, business crime, marketplace crime, consumer crime, respectable crime, â€Å"crime at the top†, â€Å"suite† crime, elite crime and deviance, official crime and deviance, political crime, governmental crime, state (or state-organized) crime, corporate crime, occupational crime, employees crime, vocational crime, techno-crime, computer crime †¦.†(Friedrichs, 2006, p, 5) That which is evident needs no further app reciation, explanation or elaboration. White collar crime has taken hold many segments of society and is growing in all directions like the octopus. This is also a contentious topic- whether one is committing a legitimate business activity in a free enterprise system which is the hallmark of a capitalist society or indulges in white-collar crime.  

Car Difting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Car Difting - Essay Example I am fascinated by high speed endeavors; high speed car drifting is one of them, though not very many people like or approve it. Car drifting improves my abilities to concentrate and control. I like car drifting because of a host of reasons. Since I was born, I have always liked to express myself in motorsports. I have watched racing movies and racing competitions for so long. I wished time would come when I get to position myself at the steering wheel and maneuver through corners at speeds not many people would dare. When I finally got a car that could enable me to drift with the least negative consequences, I made car drifting a routine activity. My liking is so great that I am willing to overlook the costs of burned tires and damaged car parts. Though it is an extremely dangerous and costly affair, I am always thrilled to step in the car and drift my way around corners or other bent parts of the road. I also like drifting because of it, I have leant many drifting techniques and the physics of racing. The feeling I get when adrenaline is rushing through my blood is great. I’ve always wanted to be in control. I like control that comes from concentrating on a particular activity. Once I realized that car drifting improves my levels of concentration and helps me gain a lot of control in driving, I have never been detached from it. This, among other aforementioned reasons is why I like car drifting even if it is dangerous and non-appealing to the majority of the population. It is clear to me that I not only get thrilled by car drifting, but also learn to control and concentrate. Quite frankly, my judgment derived from car drifting enables me to control other vehicles despite the terrain. I can have my way with many cars as a result of my liking for car drifting. Evidently, my liking for car drifting surpasses the consideration for negative effects of car drifting. This is

Evaluation plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Evaluation plan - Essay Example The judge in the case and elders of tribes or other ethnic groups, meet together with the offender, thus creating ties between all concerned in how the offender will serve restitution through community services or some other type of applicable punishment. In many of these cases, the victim of the crime will participate in the Circle, although those victims of rape or other physical abuse, may not be so inclined to attend. In such cases, it is also questionable as to whether the Circle is appropriate for use because it tends to promote power and domination which the victim, particularly females and children, may not be able to garner for themselves (Rieger, 2001). It depends heavily on how the Circle is structured and justice applied, along with the cultural application and influences (Potas et al., 2003). The Circle, in essence, acts as a trouble-shooting and problem-solving forum for common issues of alcoholism and drug abuse, for example, with the community helping the offender achieve success by taking care of children, or in other ways, while the offender attends physical rehabilitation to move away from drugs or alcoholism (Tumeth, 2011). The Circle Sentencing is primarily used in ethnic or tribal situations where cultural environments promote the full group as being active in helping one of its members rather than having the offender be removed to face judicial justice by incarceration. The idea of utilizing the Circle Sentencing came into play in 1999 (Rekhari, 2006-07), first in Port Adelaide, then 2002 in New South Wales (NSW), because it was evident that the indigenous peoples, most often the Aborigines, were becoming more prolific in the judicial system although they were being sentenced more often for lesser crimes than other criminals. Part of this was due to an increase in police powers, truth in sentencing, the criminalisation of offensive language, and that the police often targeted those inclined to recidivism (AIC,

YOUR POLICY PRIORITY ISSUE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

YOUR POLICY PRIORITY ISSUE - Essay Example Owing to these statistics and its declaration as a national epidemic, it is important to recognize it as a public health policy priority issue. Its relevance is reflected in current sources of literary and empirical evidence (such as the data presented by the CDC). The policy priority issue has had a strong relationship with nursing practice, as will be proved in the following sections. The issue of childhood obesity is part of the health concerns of many. As a nursing practitioner, one would find this issue relevant to the current nursing pedagogy and policy prioritizing and making (Dehghan, Akhtar-Danesh, & Merchant, 2012), owing to a wide range of reasons. As a person, I find it important to address the issue, not only because it has had direct impacts on my life, but also because it escalates by the day. It will become a bigger burden to millions of families and individuals in the near future if not much is done to reverse the prevailing trend. Speaking of the trend, I come to the second reason. A problem that continues to escalate by the measures described above, which involves more than doubles and quadruples, should be prevented the formulation of effective policies. In addition, it should not only be treated as a national epidemic but should also be addressed by emergency measures, owing to the dire health needs of the populations affected. One would seek to understand the source of this problem and the reason it has escalated to the current extent. One of the key reasons behind the current trends in obesity prevalence in the United States is eating behavior, especially among children and adolescents. Families, at present, have less time to spend together because parents have to go to work or school while students have to go to school. As a result, children and adolescents resort to fast foods, which have been associated with high levels of sugar and fat. There is also less time to engage in

A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling in Corwin Outline

A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling in Corwin Corporation - Outline Example 8. Lack of team unity: The supervisors demonstrated weak leadership by abandoning members of their team and engaged in a blame-game which led to conflict amongst the team, thereby negatively affecting project outcomes.8. Lack of team unity: The supervisors demonstrated weak leadership by abandoning members of their team and engaged in a blame-game which led to conflict amongst the team, thereby negatively affecting project outcomes.9. Unskilled employees: The lack of skilled participants for the project jeopardized the quality of decisions made (in this case the faulty decision of accepting the project by violating cost margins in support of the client).2. Poor external communication: Internal stakeholders were not taken into confidence along with no clear guidelines as to who has authority for the project led to conflicts, confusion and lack of unanimous direction.3. Weaknesses in corporate culture: As per Corwin’s culture, employees did not feel the need to alert their super iors in case of critical data which led to ignorance of underlying problems and ultimate failure.1. Delayed engagement of line managers in the process: Corwin’s line managers were unable to provide their inputs during the proposal that could have influenced it and could have given a clearer picture beforehand.2. Poor procurement decision: Corwin’s decision to procure raw materials before the contract was signed which exposed the company to financial risk in case anything went wrong prior to the contract signing.3. Poorly planned change management process: Testing process was continuously altered which led to inconsistent results and increased costs for Corwin.

Censorship v Pornography Essay Example for Free

Censorship v Pornography Essay 1.0  Ã‚   Introduction:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper seeks to determine whether there is basis to use censorship to deal with pornography, based on critical assessment of the feminist debates about the issue.   In addition, an examination on how pornography is made similar to prostitution, drugs, and other marginal crimes will be analyzed given its roots in moral judgments and the ambiguous nature of its harms. Knowing the possible harms that are associated with pornography and the reasons for the need for its regulation will also form part of the analysis with the end view of evaluating whether censorship is the solution to pornography.    Analysis and Discussion 2.1 What is pornography?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     To understand pornography, there is a need to look at it from its background up to present times.   Webb (1995) attempted to study more profoundly by looking back at the sexual practices that have been depicted in many cultures, from Greek, and Roman to Chinese and Japanese, for centuries. She found that the term pornography was just used to describe some of these depictions in much recent times. She explained that the term arose together with certain aspects of the tyrannical sexual morality developed by the capitalist ruling class during the 19th century.  Ã‚   She blamed the polarization of the Victorian period which caused dividing the line on what was â€Å"respectable† and what was not between women’s groups (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The basis of this respectability was related to the ‘dangers’ of female sexuality and its regulation and that women were required into an inflexible duality. Women were therefore categorized into â€Å"good† women who were asexual, â€Å"chaste’ before they have their marriage and â€Å"pure† after.   Thus, Webb argued that sex was only necessary for reproduction not pleasure, and the consequence was to confine the same to married heterosexual couples.   As a result, women that were found to have sexual activities outside this unbending rule were condemned and which ultimately led to prostitution (Webb, 1995).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The issue of pornography was felt more in the some countries than others. Webb (1995) cited about the laws of pornography and obscenity in England and the US which covered much more than others as censorship in there is extended to the production, sale, and possession or transacting of written and graphic sexual material.   The issue even went as far as banning contraceptive or abortion drugs, devices and information; and making it a crime to have homosexual behavior between consenting male adults. The result of these prohibitions was also to give police greater summary power over working class women and children because of threat of charging women and children the violation of the laws which may not be obviously be made to men (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The notion of pornography cannot be detached from its forms of art access to which was restricted to capitalistic men claiming to have some sort of academic interest.   As such censorship was directed only against   women, children and working-class men that resulted to discrimination.   The limitation or restriction to access to pornography limited occasions for questioning the supposed to be proper values for sexuality, for women and for the family. Webb (1995) explained that the practice had the effect of the having and philosophy reinforcing the family system, which was understood to be the basic unit of capitalist society.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The effect of this practice is to limit women into the private area of the home and their domestic labor. This caused these women not to create commodities for sale on the market.   Getting unpaid for their work at home, feminists believe that this resulted to their economic reliance upon fathers and or husbands as further toughened by their limited access to education and properly paid work. If ever they get employed they will eventually be paid the lower rate. They also lost control over their fertility and expression of sexuality. To make matters   worse, society has criminalized violation of pornography and this has affected the women even more. Sexual freedom was therefore curtailed during the 19th century (Webb, 1995).   2.1.1 Defining pornography and its problems   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The dramatic change that has happened with pornography since the term was first used in the 19th century is just simply obvious.   Webb (1995) explained that during that time there was nothing about what is scientific, medical, artistic or popular context to be exempted from the liability for violating pornography.   It was only by the 20th century pornography when exemption could be had from pornography on the claim of being scientific or artistic merit.   Pornography then was defined under the general line as something that is produced for the purpose of producing sexual arousal, having no other â€Å"redeeming† feature. This is based on the assumption that to set out intentionally to produce sexual arousal is dreadful but if the main objective of the work is scientific or artistic, and the possibility of sexual arousal is only incidental, then these higher purpose may excuse the publication (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Given therefore the definition of the pornography, it would mean that pornography is relative to the eye of the viewer and in which, case it becomes an evil and not an art for those who cannot explain that is an art or not scientific to those who are uneducated.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Thus pornography could be defined in terms of suppression and containment of sexuality and sexual arousal which confuse things. Webb (1995) argued that images of sexuality can be positive and affirming and she cited the case of many lesbian and gay male definitions and positive images of their sexuality that have played an important part in their fight for democratic right and against persecution. She put in parallel that feminism had similarly redefined gender roles of masculinity and femininity, sexuality, and sensuality by using positive views and affirmations of choice and experimentation rather than passivity and submissiveness. By so having positive affirmations, sexual terms like what is erotic and what is pornographic could be delineated when properly debated upon and tested out so as to challenge the   old morality where it was defined by olden times that sexuality itself is hazardous and perilous to women (Webb, 1995)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     What can be seen therefore is a confusion as to proper definition of   pornography and its propriety of defining as such would seem to depend on less number of who are against it or lack of sufficient number of those show can express themselves that pornography is not evil to them. If such is the case, it would seem that level of maturity in terms on moral belief is something that other people or the state can dictate upon the members of the community especially the women although the latter are already in their adulthood.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To purpose of pornography definition is only required if one is to make a law about pornography but as admitted by Kuhn (1988) pornography is â€Å"social construct†¦ subject to historical variations.†Ã‚   It could therefore be established that pornography is a   matter of culture where morality is relative. What is erotic to one culture may be pornographic to others (Webb, 1995). 2.2 What is censorship?   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are two views on the matter of censorship. There are those who are against and there are those who favor (Rodgerson and Wilson, 1991) of its use to control pornography. While both views espouse the causes how to promote women’s rights, their approaches how to fight for their causes are different. Webb (1995) cited feminists groups like Dworkin and MacKinnon who elevated the abolition of pornography to a strategy for liberating women. Dworkin (1981) stated that pornography is the belief that could explain all forms of women’s oppression and hence she espoused banning the same. The choice to ban pornography to liberate women is based on the view that women’s repression is caused by the power of an inherently female sexuality.   It assumes that all men are dormant rapist, in the making to be activated by pornography. Thus it was said that pornography is the theory and rape is the practice (Webb, 1995).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The proponents’ assumption that men are rapist waiting to be activated by pornography could not be said to be already established. Thus on the basis of the great probability of wrong assumption, pornography then could not just be solved by censorship.   Until scientific evidence therefore is established what is assumed could be validated empirically, it is really very dangerous to make such an assumption since laws that would be passed would not have also logical if not substantial basis to actually address the issue of pornography correctly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Expressing disagreement on the assumption about men in the banning pornography, Webb (1995) explained that this is a biological determinist view that does not allow much scope for women’s liberation but rather it was more an attempt by individual women to totally separate themselves from any likely contact with men.   She argued that if all men are inherently oppressors of all women then women may just as well give up struggling now (Webb, 1995). She therefore saw the wrongness of the assumption that men are presumed rapist.   She argued that although people are socially conditioned to behave in certain ways, those who espouse the belief that men are presumed rapist, necessarily disregard the very important element of self-consciousness, reflective and reasoning power, and emotional response. Citing contradiction with scientific evidence, Webb (1995) asserted that to see men as programmed for violence not only endorses the most conservative view of human nature, it also absolves men of any responsibility for their actions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     The argument that men are programmed or conditioned to rape of women absolves men of responsibility is tenable because it presupposes the absence of choice or freedom which is an element in crimes or statute violation of statutes.   Freedom of choice is necessary to hold one accountable but to impose the belief that men are programmed to act would defeat the very purpose of defining crime where there is an assumption   that men are waiting women to rape after reading the so called â€Å"pornographic† materials.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Coward (1982) supported this latter view when she attacked the view of an inherent aggressive male sexuality.   Coward reminded that the view implies that any expression of male sexuality will be oppressive to women.   Thus she argued like Webb that the fight must be given up as women should withdraw from any public, or even private, exploration of sexuality in order to avoid male manipulation (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To argue therefore that censorship is the solution to violence against women is mixing up violent images and violent acts. Portrayal of rape and rape itself are obviously different although connection could be noticed.   Since the two are not identical, it is wrong to treat them the same way. Censorship or banning a description or picture of a violent act is not dealing on the act itself or its causes.  Ã‚  Ã‚   Banning was based on the wrong assumption and the wrong premise.   To equate a picture with the actual act would be missing the point by really confusing the issue that would amount to an overkill and it has the effect of portraying that man is really evil waiting to rape women. Doing this, however, would violate the right to freedom of expression, which is one of the inherent rights of the individuals. It is difficult to imagine how would one testifying in court who was a victim of rape, to tell people of the bad experience without at least using some depiction or illustration. It would be hard too for investigators to gather evidence if they cannot even take a picture of the crime scene involving rape victim if the latter act would be equated with the act of raping. How about the courts, will they be charged for pornography for trying supposedly pornography violations because of the depiction of sexuality made in the course of the trial?   The argument to equate depiction to the actual is simply absurd. 2.3 The feminist debates about the issue of pornography.   Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  The debates of feminists about the issue of pornography have something to do with addressing the issue of sexism and the proper approach to solve the same.   Webb (1995) argued that sexual images can be both positive and negative. She explained that images can challenge the old stereotypes of women as passive and sexuality as dangerous, by presenting instead erotic imagery of women’s sexuality as pleasurable and active. She presented that pornographic images can also represent violence, abuse and degradation.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Finding the way on how to deal with the two sides of sexuality and its imagery in today’s society is the crux of the issue among feminist. Hence censorship is a controversial issue among feminist as it seems to be the most noticeable solution offered on the table by those in power to solve pornography. Answering therefore whether censorship of pornography is the most effective strategy or whether it only deals with the images and not the acts of violence directed against women is an interesting question to feminists. It is also asked whether implementing censorship could sweep away positive explorations of sexuality through the imposition of a new repressive morality. Will censorship liberate women is also an issue by these feminists (Webb, 1995).      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Webb (1995) explained that fact women had won many parts gains over the last two decades and these have generated a higher consciousness of sexism, especially among young women.   She admitted that while many of these gains are now under attack, women of today have more choices and have expectations as a result of their liberalization as compared with the past (Webb, 1995).   That women now can expect going university, getting a job and receiving equal pay as against the absence of these about three decades ago must indeed be strong indications of   greater rights for these women. 2.4 The depiction of women in all areas of lives   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Confronting the portrayal of women in all areas of their lives is a battle that feminists must fight. Webb (1995) brought out the fact the women are never absent from the magazines or TV programs, newspapers, or from advertising that uses sex and women’s bodies to sell products.   She added that at the same time   society seemed to be obsessed with sex, exploring our sexuality, especially for women, is actively repressed. She noted an example done 1992, where the federal government banned the distribution of a diary, the Fact and Fantasy File Diary that was produced by the Family Planning Association to provide information to young people on sexuality and sexual health (Webb, 1995). She argued that   banning the publication of these materials on the ground of being pornographic is just skirting around the problem of sexism (Webb, 1995). 2.5 How is pornography similar to prostitution, drugs, and other marginal crimes?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pornography cannot be similar to prostitution, drugs and other marginal crimes since banning the pornography actually violates freedom from expression and banning the same creates more harm. The harms that are associated with pornography as described by those who are supporting censorship may have no basis at all and there is not reason to equate depiction of rape with actual rape.   There is no known research that would show that is a great correlation between the number of read pornographic materials and crime committed in relation to sexuality as a result. Although this was what was propagated by those who support censorship, the US Supreme Court has spoken that the ordinance to implement banning of pornographic materials violates freedom of speech. It would appear therefore that if any forthcoming or existing law on pornography if there is any could be rightfully challenged in the Supreme Court for the latter to declare it unconstitutional.   An unconstitutional law, code or ordinance would produce no effect of therefore would confer no right on the part of enforcers to arrest violators and no obligation on the part of the supposed subjects would be expected. 2.6 What are the possible harms that are associated with pornography?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The possible harms that are associated with pornography include the possible sexual abuses against children and women as a result of failure to regulate the same. The claims of those who support censorship could be numerous because of the attempt to equate depiction of the act to the actual act but as argued earlier depiction is different from the actual act. Therefore for the purpose of this paper said feared harms are not given emphasis since there in scientific basis to substantiate the presence of actual harms in pornography that should be addressed properly by the enactment of laws that would penalize its violations. 2.7 What are the reasons for its regulation?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The reason for the regulation of pornography is to prevent the possible abuses that could be committed as a result of misguided use of information. The fact that it should be regulated and not banned appears to be the more responsive solution to the problem.   It is for this reason that movies should not be banned but rather reclassified to suit proper audiences and in the implementation of who could watch certain films is a matter of regulation and not censorship. 2.8 Is censorship effective in dealing with pornography?      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Given therefore the background of pornography, one could just wonder whether the problem is properly defined. If not properly defined, would it be correct then to have censorship as the solution? The correctness therefore of the solution to pornography would depend on the validity of the assumptions that were made.   By this paper not having seen any evidence that would validate the assumptions made, it could not easily accept censorship as a solution.   Ã‚  Ã‚     In relation whether censorship is the solution, Webb (1995) said making a law on pornography â€Å"throws up the dilemma of the producer’s intent as opposes to the consumer’s response.† Thus she cited an illustration where an author or painter may intend his or her work to be erotic or a form of social commentary but another person may view it as pornographic. As proof, the novel entitled Mercy written by Dworkin (1990) was itself attacked as one to be graphically describing the continuous rape, torture and humiliation of the main character in the novel (Webb, 1995). Dworkin was in effect contradicting herself in this respect as she espousing censorship of any depiction but her novel violates the rules that she is fighting for.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Given the attack on Dworkin’s work,   it can be assumed that the   intent was to expose violence against women, not that it be read for sexual excitement but as Webb (1995) said,  Ã‚   Dworkin’s novel is exactly the sort of material that could be banned under the laws she herself proposes.   What does this mean then?   The supposed way of Dworkin to reach her audience in writing the book had to use some languages that could be understood to portray sexual imagination   or depiction and if evaluated on the standard of what is obscene then such work should also considered obscene. One may argue that Dworkin may be just trying to explain what is pornographic. Precisely, that is what is meant by the difficultly of just describing anything about sex to be pornographic without really having to say or use the words related to its definition (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Perhaps being moved by anti-pornography authors’ beliefs, supporters of censorship that include Andrea Dworkin and Catherine MacKinnon, sometime in 1983, drafted an ordinance passed by the Minneapolis City Council to give women the right to bring to court producers, distributors, sellers and/or exhibitors of pornography once these people feel being harmed by the material.   Ã‚  The ordinance was however disapproved by the mayor (Webb, 1995).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     A revised version of this legislation was passed by the Indianapolis City Council,   but was also unsuccessful after having been declared unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court on the ground of freedom of speech violation (Webb, 1995). The Supreme Court’s having declared the ordinance unconstitutional could only mean that the power of freedom of speech is paramount that to publicize it to educate people and letting them to   express themselves to discover what really are good and bad for them is an inherent human right. It is not the publication that is bad but it is the act of person who will act on the basis of whatever one senses using his or her power of perception. On the other extreme, a rapist need not see a picture to rape a woman whom that man has decided to rape. The evil of something should still depend on the freedom of a man to act on what one sees or hears and not necessarily be coming from the so called â€Å"pornographic† materials.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   A position taken by those favoring censorship where pornography is defined within the explicit images of degradation and violence against women, has actually moved for more power through legislations (Webb, 1995).   As proof, Minneapolis Ordinance had that pornography is â€Å"the sexually explicit subordination of women, graphically depicted whether in pictures or in words†¦ women are presented dehumanized as sexual objects, things or commodities†¦who enjoy pain or humiliation.. in postures of sexual submission†¦ reduced to body parts† (Kelly, 1988, pp. 54-55). It is very clear from the definition that mere depiction is already a violation in pornography.   Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  A major problem with the said law is that, although feminists may know what is degrading and dehumanizing to women, it is not the feminists who will make the decision in court.   It is the judges who are dominated by men who have the power to define what is sexually moral and what is not.   This is a reality that must be accepted.   Webb (1995) cited a Canada court case where a reinterpretation of existing obscenity law along the lines of the Dworkin/MacKinnon ordinance, was used to forbid the lesbian magazine Bad Attitude and caused the raid of a lesbian and gay bookshop.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The other side of the issue therefore does not go for censorship as the solution for the simple reason that the act of banning will not put a stop to pornography. Thus to campaign for censorship is obviously not just. Pornography could not therefore be equated to prostitution (Arcand and Grady,1993), drugs and other marginal crimes for they belong to different realms. The first is just depiction or portrayal of acts while the latter are actual acts. No wonder attempts to make an ordinance that would prohibit the same by groups espousing censorship ended with being vetoed by a mayor and another attempt to revise the same ordinance resulted to be struck as unconstitutional by the US Supreme Court.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are however still harms (Stark ,1997; Lottes et. al. Weller ,1993) that could be associated with pornography for which reason it should still be regulated by having selective banning especially to children who may not have the mental capacity to understand things while they are young. But as they mature an education that would help them understand about sexuality should be taught to them rather than resorting to complete censorship.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When these children become adults it could not be assumed that they do not know how to practice their freedom of choice and intellect in being morally responsible for their acts. If indeed pornography may be defined where women are depicted to be dehumanized sexual objects, then by all mean censorship appears to not the logical solution but rather it should be the proper education of people how should humans behave using said natural sexuality given to them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One argument that is forwarded by those who espouse censorship is that pornography is big business (Alexander, M., 2002) therefore banning it will interrupt on capitalism’s ability to make profit from the oppression of women.   Although pornography is admitted as a big business, it does not follow that it will not be sold if banned since capitalism has unremittingly created new needs and wants to exploit the economic concept of unsatisfied needs and wants. Business could always come up with a variation of projecting sex even in toys or internet games as sexuality will always be a part of the lives of humans.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is therefore explaining to people about the implications of wrong use of sexuality and how they benefit from controlling the same that would be the better solution than completely stopping by prohibiting its depiction. Banning does not stop pornography, for it will just push it into the underground that would in effect come out in some other ways. The same shortsighted solution has the effect of also banning it as topic for public discussion and as venue to have constructive sexual alternatives.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Censorship of pornography has been the topic from many countries but it would seem that no law has been successful in actually stopping pornography.   The moment a law is made to censor pornography, people’s need to understand the subject or to engage in any form has its own way of coming out in number of ways.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   To oppose censorship should not be taken as condoning, ignoring or deprioritizing campaigns about the often aggressive and usually misogynist depiction of women in a society where capitalism has no sign of waning. Webb (1995) explained stated that women have a duty to be counted in the most effectual how to do away with images which are oppressive and sexist. These women should not seek to have pornography banned, but by starting a much more comprehensive debate about sex.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The same objective could also be attained by   campaigning for better sex education in different schools at different levels. Their minds should be opened to knowledge rather than deny then them capacity to be aware of the issues that would allow them to exercise their freedom to choose. By making people more aware of their sexuality,   there is a greater chance to create more informed and responsible behavior as well as social attitudes that would allow free expression of sexuality would more within the reach of these women. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It can be concluded that the concept of pornography appears to have its roots in the past that resulted into grouping women into categories on who are â€Å"good† ,who are â€Å"chaste’ and who are pure. Being felt more in some than other countries, pornography is closely related to relativity of morality in different places. Where there are more prohibitions, the greater are the effects on the power of those who are to enforce the law against the would-be subjects like the children, working class women and working-class men. It therefore has is links with the concept of equality especially among women where the concept dawned on them as a way of discriminating them as against men who are not subject to said prohibition or censorship.      Ã‚  Ã‚  As could be expected based on it relativity characteristic, definitions of pornography could vary for different states or jurisdictions. Since the purpose of defining the same is for the authority to regulate or to prohibit the same, the problems could differ and whoever will be included as subjects in the said law will naturally be subject to its power and possible abuse by those who will implement the law. It could therefore be in terms of the suppression, containment of sexuality and sexual arousal depending on whose point of view, that the term could be defined. This therefore produces the effect of massive confusion.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Being therefore called a social construct, the concept of pornography depends at different times (Moon, R. 2000), so what to some is erotic is already pornographic to others.  Ã‚  Ã‚   To argue therefore for censorship is to argue to stopping the same in different ways depending on how pornography was defined.   Certain feminists like Dworkin and MacKinnon supported the abolition of pornography as a way to free women. This strategy necessary takes the view that women’s repression is caused by the power of an inherently female sexuality. With the assumption that all men are dormant rapists, who are in the making to be activated by pornography, one could already infer the possible consequences of making such an assumption. Thus a point in time was necessarily arrived at where the depiction of an act was already being equated with the act.   Ã‚  Ã‚     The other side of the coin argues that to make the dangerous assumption about men that they are prone to raping which calls for banning pornography will not necessarily result in women liberation as espoused by Dworkin’s group. To sustain the assumption about men as inherently oppressors of all women would amount advising to just give up struggling now as this has the effect of removing from the men the responsibility for their acts. This therefore is clearly oppressive to women.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It should therefore be understandable to put one’s shoes with those of women as to the feminist debates about the issue of pornography because of the deep repercussions of their agreement or disagreement of laws that will define pornography and that will stop the same. Notable is the fact the mere prohibition of image depiction can make the old stereotype of women as passive and sexuality as dangerous. Censorship therefore is not the answer with the problem that was imperfectly defined, education is.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Simple regulation is therefore recommended rather censorship. Regulation of course extends to limiting access to children of some materials while they do not understand the issues clearly.   People should rather have a debate about sex or that they should be a campaign for better sex education in schools, or a   more informed and responsible social attitudes to expression of sexuality should be made possible.   By so doing people are presumed intelligent and free and enhancing the same through education would make their lives more meaningful.   More meaningful lives of course would mean better society and better society should mean fewer crimes as people would become more responsible of their choices. Bibliography: Alexander, M. (2002)   The First Amendment and Problems of Political Viability: The Case of Internet Pornography; Harvard Journal of Law Public Policy, Vol. 25 Arcand and Grady (1993) The Jaguar and the Anteater: Pornography Degree Zero; Verso Campbell, J. (1988), â€Å"Pornography Is it a Feminist Issue?, â€Å" Australian Feminist Studies, No. 7 Coward, (1982) R. â€Å"Sexual Violence and Sexuality,† Feminist Review, No. 11 Dworkin, A (1990), Mercy, Secker Warburg, London Dworkin, A, (1981), Pornography: Men Possessing Women, Women’s Press London Kelly, L., â€Å"The US Ordinances: Feminism and Censorship Prism Press, Great Britain, 1988† Kuhn, A. (1988), quoted in Campbell   (1988), â€Å"Pornography Is it a Feminist Issue?, â€Å" Australian Feminist Studies, No. 7 Lottes et. al. Weller (1993) Reactions to Pornography on a College Campus: For or Against?; Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, Vol. 29 Moon, R. (2000) The Constitutional Protection of Freedom of, University of Toronto Press Rodgerson Wilson (1991) Pornography and Feminism – the Case Against Censorship, Lawrence Wishart Ltd. , London Stark   (1997) Is Pornography an Action?: The Causal vs. the Conceptual View of Pornographys Harm ; Social Theory and Practice, Vol. 23 Webb, E. (1995) Pornography and Censorship: Silence or choice?, {www document} URL,   http://www

Slavery in Bristish America Essay Example for Free

Slavery in Bristish America Essay That was because slavery expanded rapidly while indentured servants had more rights. The spread of tobacco made Chesapeake planters to move from indentured servants to slaves. There were many reasons for this change. Firstly, by law, blacks had many disadvantages. Such as, they could not claim the protection under the English law. Secondly, while indentured servants had fixed terms, blacks’ terms of service never expired. Moreover, children of slaves would also become slaves and their skin color made them much harder to escape to the outside world. They would be enslaved for forever, with extreme small chances of being released, unless they were deported to other areas. Another reason that helped expand slavery was that, blacks had been used to working on fields with all the hard work. They also encountered many diseases and had developed antibodies to resist to them. Therefore, black population were less likely to be defeated by epidemics, while the Indian population’s death rate was very high due to this reason. The second main reason that led to the expansion of slavery in British America was the law. â€Å"As late as 1680, there were only 4500 blacks in the Chesapeake, a little over 5 percent of the region’s population. † (104) Even when the black population was still that small, new law was enacted to improve and status of white servants and further blocked access to freedom for blacks. A Virginia law of 1662 provided that in the case of a child one of whose parents was free and one slave, the status of the offspring followed that of the mother. This provision not only reversed the European practice of defining a child’s status through the father but also made the sexual abuse of slave women profitable for slaveholders, since any children that resulted remained the owner’s property. )† (106) And, â€Å"In 1667, the Virginia House of Burgesses decreed that religious conversion did not release a slave from bondage. (106) Moreover, authorities tried many ways to prevent the growth of free black population by stating that children of black men and white women were illegitimate. Another main reason that led to more freedom for indentured servants and led to the expansion of slavery in British America was the Bacon’s Rebellion of 1676. As a result of this confrontation, the authorities reduced taxes and adopted a stricter Indian policy. Encouraged the growth of former indenture servants by expanding to the West. After the Rebellion, it became more economical to purchase slaves ecause the death rate began to fall. Moreover, the end of a monopoly on the English slave trade opened the door to many other traders to get into this profitable business, shipping more and more slaves to British America. As a result, the black population grew quickly: â€Å"By 1700, blacks constituted more than 10 percent of Virginia’s population. Fifty years later, they made up nearly half. † Eric Foner stated â€Å"While slavery was expanding in British America, so too was freedom† That was because slavery expanded rapidly while indentured servants had more rights.

Impact Of General Elections On Indian Stock Market Finance Essay

Impact Of General Elections On Indian Stock Market Finance Essay Indian Stock Market deeply follows two set features of New Delhi circus- the budget and the general elections. This time is no exception. While recession has deeply affected the global economy and those who are given the best deals are also in relative tatters, general elections in India would not have any less profound impact on the Indian economy. Here is hoping that a big number of positives come out instead. Having said that, a rational study of the electoral mandate only seems logical. In fact, Morgan Stanley believes that the outcome of elections would only be second to the global recession in terms of impacting the country.   The institutions deem the poll results to be ahead of fiscal policies and corporate basics in unleashing a change in financial dynamics. According to people in the know, roughly 10000 crore rupees would be spent on the general elections and it would bolster the stock market. Many are on a consensus that if somehow a business and reform-friendly coalition can make its way, then there would be no dearth of stock market bounties. In this regard, nothing can work out better than a single party majority. It has been witnessed many a times that reforms have been impeded by retrograde forces teaming up for a coalition government. Normally pleasant fallout of the general elections would be higher liquidity that in any event is set to boost the stock market. It surely would be an aid in revival of the plastered economy. Theorists agree that victory for congress and BJP would be in favor of the stock market while Left front or a third party coalition would adversely affect the growth of the market. Stock markets are furiously swirled by the momentum gathered through the outcome of general elections. It has been seen in the past. Perhaps it has to do with privatization, infrastructure boost and the lack of it. A reform-averse political group would impede structural reforms and hit the blue chip companies hard. It would be true for other stock units too. It is noticeable that global market and FDI pool is bound to swell at the smell of a favorable mandate in Indian elections. In contrariety, it would be a gathering of cynics in the world corporate ring, once India suffers a fractured mandate. In essentiality, any such mandate would represent a higher risk for FDI investors. World is fast moving towards anti-capitalism. Assets are being nationalized at an expeditious rate. There are plenty of religious and political turmoil. Pakistan remains a crux issue. Nuclear questions and defense sentiments are on a high. In such a time, there can be ramifications beyond reprieve. However, the general election has to be an answer to the political dilemma and here is hoping that the victor does not bleed the country further. Stock market is an index, the reflection of our financial strength and people of India are anticipating a surge in its numbers post this election. www.webhush.com à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ º Analysis : effect of election mania on Indian stock market Indian Stock Market has seen lot of positive and negative trends in the Election month. Lot of volatility was seen in the market for past 5 weeks. This process may continue until the election results are clearly visible. Many traders have lost their money in this volatile market, but investors were big gainers, Here, EquityPandit.com brings its analysis for the direction of stock market in the upcoming days. Read the full post for better understanding and book profits by predicting the direction of the Indian stock market in the Election time: Election Year 1998-1999 Date Event Market Movement Feb-16 to Feb-28 First to Fourth poll Voting Up by 12% March-6 NDA Won the Election Up by 3% Overall movement in Feb Election Month. Market was up by 12% Oct-Nov 1999 NDA lost majority Voting for new government begin. Market was down by 13% Nov-Dec 1999 NDA won again with full majority Market was up by 23% Election Year 2004 Date Event Market Movement Apr-20 to May-10 First to Fourth poll Voting Down by 6.7% May-13 Left Front Led UPA won the Election Down by 6% May-14 Left Front comments on Stock Market regulation Black day for Market Down by 12% in a single day Overall movement in May Election Month. Market was down by 13% Jun-Jul 2004 UPA Govt. Start Economic reform Market was up by 9% Election Year 2009 Date Event Market Movement April 16 to April 13 First to Fourth poll voting Up by 11% From the above statistics it is clear that it was tough to predict the market movement, during the Election month and it may continue after the results are been declared, if no one won with clear majority. Also we can conclude following points from the above table: 1.  Ã‚   The one thing the equity market hates the most, is uncertainty. The next week thus is likely to see maximum volatility with traders and speculators riding the momentum the build up first, some profit booking and maybe a sell-off before the big event. So Last Friday-sell-off may be the starting of the sell off. 2.  Ã‚   Market never accepts the government with left front or third front government. So one thing is very clear, be prepared for big sell off, it that happened. 3.  Ã‚   Market will be very comfortable if Congress or BJP will come with full majority. We may see this rally going towards 13500-14000, or we may say 20% kind of rally. Conclusion: 1.  Ã‚   Investor must stay away till the election results dont get declared. Remember cash is the king and if you use it at right time, it will give massive returns in a short span. 2.  Ã‚   Traders mostly loose their money in this type of market as fluctuation is always a killer for traders. So quality and timing of calls makes the difference. Just remember, as an investor you can earn as much as 100-150% in a span of two month but not as a trader because this rally surprises everybody. One week back EquityPandit.com had a discussion with few brokerage houses and they all were shock by this up move. Most of them generated losses, as they went short at a level of 11000-11500. Trading is always effective in a pure bull or bear market, but not an intermediate market like this. 3.  Ã‚   If you will see the investment figures of DII (Domestic Investors), it is very clear they booked the profit slowly and steadily without any panic. Also history suggest that big players stay away during such event and come up with big bull or bear depending upon the poll results. www.equitypandit.com/2009//analysis-effect-of-election-mania-on-indian-stock-market/ Election time stock returns It appears that the stock market show a strong correlation with the national events like the elections. If we go by the past data for stock market price movements from 1980 onwards, there seems to be on an average, 4% gain in 3 months before the elections of Lok Sabha in India. This average value s at 4% because it was in 2004 when there was a very small return of 0.7% in 2004 and a -2.1% in 1989 elections. On all the other occasions, the 3 months return from the stock markets before the elections has been much higher, as much as 13.5%. Though the gains in 2004 and 1980 were less than 1% returns in the three-month period before the polls, they were still positive. The only time it went into negative territory was in 1989 due to the Bofors controversy. What is the reason for good positive returns from the stock market during the election times? As per EconomicTimes, From the investors point of view, sectors such as media, FMCG and auto look favourities in the run-up to the elections as polls are known to boost consumption. Readership of newspapers goes up during elections and so does news channels viewership. Also, though it is not legally allowed, Sales profits of alcoholic beverages shoot up during elections; and with increase in money supply, more pronounced in rural areas, personal care products are also likely to benefit. Auto sales usually go up (marginal increase) as SUVs are used for election campaigns, personal transportation and security of politicians. Even this year, since March 16 exactly one month to the elections the index has already risen by 2.5%. But will the market sustain the momentum postelection? Analysis since 1980 shows that a month after the polls, the bellwether index posts an average rise of 3.5%. On six out of the eight times since 1980, investors have made gains. So is it the time to take the bet? Well, it all works randomly, so take your own shots and hope for the best! INDIA CARNIVAL: Election is like big carnival in India with entire population from all walks of life gets swayed by it. There are colors and flood of money flowing. Everything comes to stand still. School, colleges and offices close on voting day. In India election process is held in multiple phases. 2009 election will be one month extravaganza coming to an end by 16th may 2009, when one will be able to know about the victor and the vanquished. The outcome of the election will also determine the development trajectory of the India incorporate. ELECTION OUTCOME AND INVESTOR: India, the world`s largest democracy with an electorate of more than 700 million voter, goes to the poll in April -May 2009. We believe 2009 election will throw up the hung parliament with fractured mandate. As long as BJP or a Congress led alliances is in power, investor will likely be reassured of stability in terms of government as well as policies. If a Third Front comes to power, it will create uncertainties in the mind of investor on the development and policies front. Any Third Front government won`t be getting investors vote of confidence. CURRENT SCENARIO: Indian election is taking place in back drop of global economic turmoil. The domestic growth stories of the past years have vanished. Capitalism is under siege and private assets are being nationalized worldwide. India has domestic issues like growing terrorist attacks, law and order situation, religious fundamentalism on rise, problem in neighboring country Pakistan and many more that will be the key issue that will dominate the election. The world will be closely watching the development. The composition, Utterances and deeds of the next administration will be critical to the direction the nation takes and how the outside world views the country. Will the next government carry forward the broad policy direction which began in 1991 and push forward with the unfinished reform agenda? http://www.sharetipsinfo.com/bse-vs-nse_clip_image004_0000.gif ELECTION AND STOCK MARKET: Returns from the past seven to eight elections have no exact set pattern. The returns in the run up to the elections have been lackluster. Market generally in all the occasion has shown range bound trading or sideways movement. Twelve month return post elections have been positive on four occasions and marginally negative on two occasions. Years when government took bold steps or the mandate swayed in favor of one party has raised the hope of investors and hence good returns were seen. 1984, 1989 and 1991, the market rallied in the first year of the government. After 1996 a significant change has been on the political front in India i.e.; beginning of coalition era. The returns in these times were very moderate as the mandate was clear. The other reason could be Asian crisis, nuclear test, Kargil war, Dotcom bust. Election event when market showed significant movement: YEAR EVENTS 1984 Indira Gandhi got assassinated; Rajiv Gandhi came to power with overwhelming majority. Market gave thumbs up. 1989 VP Singh became the PM. A massive drive against corruption in the government was taken in good way by the investor. 1991 Congress came to power after the assassination of Rajiv Gandhi. Market reacted positively. NEGATIVES FOR MARKET 2009: Earning downgrade in next 2-3 quarter. The ongoing government is like a caretaker government with no fresh proposal and budget will be placed by the new government in power. Stability and ability of the government cannot be judged at this point. Fiscal deficit is high at 5% of the GDP. Indo -Pak relationship hits new low. Terrorist attack. Index heavy weight like RPower, Suzlon, JP Associates plunged by more than 75% from the peak. Many of these stock compositions of the index do not have 5 years standing in the market. POSITIVE FOR MARKET 2009: Sensex trading at 9x to the expected 2009 earnings. Falling commodity price will ease input cost of the industries. Government policies to boost the economy. Inflation at record low. Lower crude price. As interest rate in developed economy is record low, India could attract investment. CONCLUSION: As the new government settles down and the reform that was taken up by the previous government is carried forward, we believe market will again resume its bull run in the second half of the 2009. We also believe the era of coalition is here to stay and market will not be affected as long as it is seen that the coalition is stable and there are no expectation of major policy reversal. However if the Third front comes to power, the market is likely to taste another low. Our small endeavor will help you understand market in better way. http://www.sharetipsinfo.com/election-stockmarket.html Upbeat stock market scores high Indian stock market is inching closer to its past glory, riding high on the wave of better-than-expected growth of countrys gross domestic product; scaling new heights in the wake of re-election of Manmohan Singh-led UPA (United Progressive Alliance) government at the centre; and driving strength from its pronounced agenda of economic reform and disinvestments. As President of India, Pratibha Patil unleashed her governments vision and roadmap for the next five years in the lower and upper houses of Indian Parliament on 4th June, 2009, the Sensex rallied past 15,000-level for the first time in the past nine months in a symbol of rising confidence and bolstered sentiments in the market as well as in economy. Clear mandate in favour of UPA plays a pivotal role: The re-induction of the UPA government at the centre has been more fruitful for the market as compared to its first stint in 2004, when owing to the absence of a clear mandate in General Election and subsequent dependence on Left parties to form the Government was seen as an obstacle to economic growth and liberalization. As a result the Government was welcomed by a 564 points fall in the Sensex on May 17, 2004 to close at 4505 from its previous level of 5069. In a sharp contrast, UPA victory, and Congresss emergence as a stronger alliance leader this time was given a clear thumbs up by the market as Sensex and Nifty broke all records to hit the upper circuit breaker, with stock market surging by 17 per cent in a single day. The bulls run continued as the index moved from 12,000 levels to 15,000 levels within a span of just 14 trade sessions. With the Government charting out its plan to pump in massive resources in a plethora of core sectors, including, telecom, roads, ports, health, education and rural development, in addition to initiating firm disinvestment policy, market sentiment continues to remain strong over the last three weeks. Many stocks in the BSE-500 category, belonging to the sectors like realty, infrastructure and finance, have risen beyond 100 per cent in the last 15 trading sessions, as the hope of financial sector reforms and increased government spending in infrastructure prevails over the investors mindset. According to Alex Mathew, Head of Research at Geojit BNP Paribas Financial, The agenda of the new UPA Government to revive the economy by allowing increased investment into infrastructure sector and other stressed sectors pepped up the market,. Disinvestment hope peps up market: After experiencing a subdued interest between 2003 and 2007, the listed PSUs were ushered in with renewed focus after the UPA win in General Election 2009. The BSE PSU index climbed up 39.5 per cent since the announcement of the verdict, surpassing the 24 per cent rise in BSE-500 and 20 per cent jump in Sensex level during the same period of time. As UPA Government is expected to push through sales of centres stake in listed PSUs, the stocks of these government undertakings saw a substantial rise over the last couple of weeks. Stocks of the companies, which have 92-99 per cent government holdings, including MMTC, NMDC and RCF registered strong gains, with returns of 45 per cent to 104 per cent. The market welcomes the proposal of disinvestment because it acts a booster for the economy, generating funds to improve the fiscal deficit. At a time when soaring subsidy bills and government-sponsored stimulus measures have widened the fiscal deficit, with economic slowdown adversely affecting revenue receipt, disinvestment is definitely one viable method to reduce fiscal burden. The fiscal deficit for FY-09 at a staggering Rs 3,30,000 crore, is around 21 per cent of the total market capitalisation of the BSE PSU index. Market is expecting that proceeds from the disinvestment will come back into the Budget to partially fill in the fiscal deficit. In addition, IPOs from unlisted government undertakings could rejuvenate the IPO market, further leading to a strengthened stock market. Eight of the sixteen PSUs/banks which used the IPO market to mobilize resources in the last half a decade, including Power Grid Corporation, REC, PFC, Indian Bank proved strong enough to outshine the BSE Sensex. The recent batch of PSU offers during 2007 and 2008 has been able to deliver reasonable returns for the investors, even amidst the financial meltdown and credit crunch. Even in the bull market, IPOs from the public sector enterprises, unlike their corporate counterparts, were priced modestly, thus leaving money for the investors. In some cases, discounts to prevailing market prices were offered to retail investors. As a combined effect of all these factors, most of the PSU stocks, divested even during the bull run in 2007 or early 2008 delivered positive premium. FIIs propel surge in Indian stocks: As the emergence of a stable government at the centre has boosted market sentiment, the bull momentum created a few weeks ago continued to drive the markets to new height in every week. To a large extent, renewed interest of foreign institutional investors (FIIs) is responsible for the upward movement of Sensex. After drawing out a massive Rs 52,987 crore from the Indian stock markets in 2008, which saw the Bombay Stock Exchange benchmark Sensex plummeting 51 per cent, FIIs turned net buyers during the last week of March. In the run-up of General Election, FIIs continued to put money in Indian stocks in the month of April, and invested over US$1 billion in domestic market, owing to the impressive results delivered by large enterprises-that beefed up confidence of foreign investors. Add to this, the re-election of reformist UPA government at the power, and one can see India back on FII radar with a big bang. Gokul Laroia, managing director of Morgan Stanley Asia said that India funds a large portion of its growth through external resources. Investors are very positive on the country after big issues such as the election verdict exceeded expectations. As per latest estimates, FIIs have invested around US$1 billion in Indian stocks in every week of May, as total inflow of FII fund to the country crossed US$4 billion so far in 2009. Global investors have brought in nearly to US$200 million in India-focused equity funds in the first week of June, while the overall Asia-dedicated funds witnessed the biggest inflows of as much as US$1.54 billion, a report says. According to data compiled by international fund tracking firm, EPFR Global, India equity funds received an inflow of US$199 million in the first week of June, which is the highest amount seen in the last 55 weeks. As per statistics available with the market regulator Securities and Exchange Board of India (Sebi) till May-end, FIIs have bought shares worth Rs 1,96,021 crore in 2009, while they sold equities valued at Rs 1,75,547 crore. The net investment of FIIs in Indian stocks touched US$4.2 billion (around Rs 20,473 crore), with prime portion of inflows coming in the golden month of May. In addition to the India-specific factors which revived FIIs interest in the stock market, experts believe that the increased FII inflow in India is part of the overseas bullish investment strategy of institutional investors in many emerging markets after a lull period of over a year. Future outlook: According to financial services major Morgan Stanley, the Indian stock market is likely to outshine its global peers and the benchmark Sensex could touch the 19,000-level by the end of this year. A global market sell-off remains a key risk to absolute performance in Indian equities though we think Indian equities will likely outperform, the Indian strategy report of Morgan Stanley said. There is 40 per cent probability of a bull run in which case the BSE Sensex could hit the 19,000 mark by the end of 2009, the report confirmed, adding that there is only 10 per cent probability of a bear run in which case the Sensex could dip to 8,600 levels. As says Ridham Desai, Managing Director, Morgan Stanley Equity Research, that when the world is awash with liquidity, India is getting its share of it through FIIs, as sectors like auto, infrastructure, banks are expected to do well during the year. With improvement in consumer confidence index in India by 0.8 per cent in April and rise in employment confidence by 3.1 per cent, first time in last 10 months, India looks for a sustained rally in the markets in coming months. http://news.indiamart.com/news-analysis/upbeat-stock-market21936.html

Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe

Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe The practice of making paper by hand draws forth past centuries in a single sheet of tangled fibers. At the same time, the advances of both contemporary hand papermakers and modern technology have merged this tradition with innovation to create paper of unsurpassed beauty and quality. Despite the speed and economic advantages of machine-made paper, traditional handmade paper grasps its hold on the modern world, and mills across North America and Western Europe have re-emerged to produce fine handmade papers for artists, bookmakers, and conservators who seek the highest level of durability, permanence, and aesthetics. Hand papermaking in the Western world fell into decline with the invention and rapid expansion of papermaking machines in the nineteenth century. By 1828, machines were capable of producing paper thirty inches wide at a rate of sixty feet per minute (Hunter 355). By comparison, a typical handmade paper mill could produce only two to five reams per day (Turner 43). In addition to the increase in speed and volume, papermaking machines promised the advantage of larger sheets with better, more consistent formation (Turner 114). Although papermaking machines offered the potential for a better paper, many tangential factors of industrial papermaking led to an overall inferior product. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, demand for papermaking materials like rags already outpaced supplies as a result of the steady increase of printing following the invention of movable type and a rise in literacy rates and leisure (Turner and Skià ¶ld 97). The speed and efficiency of the papermaking machine only served to accentuate this shortage of materials... ...oup Annual 12 (1993): 61-65. New York Central. Fine Art Papers. Catalog. New York, 2003. Ruscombe Paper Mill Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Turner, Silvie. The Book of Fine Paper: A Worldwide Guide to Contemporary Papers for Art, Design and Decoration. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Turner, Silvie, and Birgit Skià ¶ld. Handmade Paper Today: A Worldwide Survey of Mill, Papers, Techniques and Uses. London: Lund Humphries, 1983. Twinrocker Handmade Paper Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Vander Weele, Linda Sholund. The Revitalization of Handmade Paper in North America. Madison, 1975. Wootton, Mary, Jesse Munn, and Terry Wallis. â€Å"Observations Concerning the Characteristics of Handmade Paper: The Library of Congress Endpaper Project.† The Book and Paper Group Annual 15 (1996): 179-197. Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe Contemporary Hand Papermaking in North America and Europe The practice of making paper by hand draws forth past centuries in a single sheet of tangled fibers. At the same time, the advances of both contemporary hand papermakers and modern technology have merged this tradition with innovation to create paper of unsurpassed beauty and quality. Despite the speed and economic advantages of machine-made paper, traditional handmade paper grasps its hold on the modern world, and mills across North America and Western Europe have re-emerged to produce fine handmade papers for artists, bookmakers, and conservators who seek the highest level of durability, permanence, and aesthetics. Hand papermaking in the Western world fell into decline with the invention and rapid expansion of papermaking machines in the nineteenth century. By 1828, machines were capable of producing paper thirty inches wide at a rate of sixty feet per minute (Hunter 355). By comparison, a typical handmade paper mill could produce only two to five reams per day (Turner 43). In addition to the increase in speed and volume, papermaking machines promised the advantage of larger sheets with better, more consistent formation (Turner 114). Although papermaking machines offered the potential for a better paper, many tangential factors of industrial papermaking led to an overall inferior product. At the beginning of the nineteenth century, demand for papermaking materials like rags already outpaced supplies as a result of the steady increase of printing following the invention of movable type and a rise in literacy rates and leisure (Turner and Skià ¶ld 97). The speed and efficiency of the papermaking machine only served to accentuate this shortage of materials... ...oup Annual 12 (1993): 61-65. New York Central. Fine Art Papers. Catalog. New York, 2003. Ruscombe Paper Mill Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Turner, Silvie. The Book of Fine Paper: A Worldwide Guide to Contemporary Papers for Art, Design and Decoration. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1998. Turner, Silvie, and Birgit Skià ¶ld. Handmade Paper Today: A Worldwide Survey of Mill, Papers, Techniques and Uses. London: Lund Humphries, 1983. Twinrocker Handmade Paper Home Page. 1 Oct. 2004 . Vander Weele, Linda Sholund. The Revitalization of Handmade Paper in North America. Madison, 1975. Wootton, Mary, Jesse Munn, and Terry Wallis. â€Å"Observations Concerning the Characteristics of Handmade Paper: The Library of Congress Endpaper Project.† The Book and Paper Group Annual 15 (1996): 179-197.

The Scaffold Scenes in Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter Essay

The Scaffold Scenes in Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter In Nathaniel Hawthorne?s The Scarlet Letter, the Puritans constantly look down upon sinners like Hester Prynne, both literally and symbolically. The use of the three scaffold scenes throughout the course of the novel proved to be an effective method in proving this theory and showing how Puritan society differs from that of today?s. In the first scaffold scene, Hester is being led from the prison where she has spent the last few months, towards the scaffold clutching her newborn baby to her bosom, covering the scarlet letter-the two symbols representing truth and her lost innocence. She stands on the scaffold, with the magistrates and ministers standing above her on the pulpit, symbolizing that they will always be closer to God than she will ever be, however, the reader is unaware that Hester?s minister, Arthur Dimmesdale, who also stands above her on the pulpit, which is a bit of dramatic irony, considering the fact that he is the father of the infant, and her accomplice in her sin. Also during this scene, the man the reader comes to know as Roger Chillingworth hides in the shadows, looking up at Hester, the evil already swelling within him, blackening his soul. The events leading up to the next scaffold scene, some years later, are some of the most significant scenes in the entire novel. The treatment of Dimmesdale by Chillingworth, who Dimmesdale had taken in as his physician, plays a key role, due to the fact that Chillingworth?s intentions are less than pure. Chillingworth is bent on revenge, and is willing to do anything necessary, even destroy another man?s life in order to soothe the savage beast within. However, deep inside Chillingworth?s... ...t and withdrawn, as if all the life and faith he had in the world had been drained out of him. It is in this scene that Dimmesdale finally recognizes Hester and Pearl publicly, he takes them up upon the scaffold with him, and announces to the world what he has done, and through this he feels that he has suffered enough and that his conscience is clear, and with this he dies and goes to Heaven, a soul that has been forgiven, leaving Hester and Pearl alone once again with their grief, and their sin. These three scaffold scenes display the rise of conflict, the climax, and the conclusion. All three tie together to show a common theme, truth. The scaffold and those who stood upon it stood for truth, while those above them judged and those below gawked. It serves as an important symbol throughout the novel setting apart the sinners and those who would judge them.

Eric Saties Socrate Essay -- essays research papers fc

Introduction Erik Satie began work on Socrate in 1918. Having been absorbing the scandal of Parade and becoming quite popular in the Salons of the high-society of Paris, he started planning new works. Perhaps Debussy’s death in the spring of that year was the final liberation he needed in order to be able to express himself seriously, for sarcasm is frequently a mask for over-sensitiveness and insecurity. But that spring finally brought Satie great joy. He was invited everywhere, and was well respected by fellow musicians. He was receiving a fair amount of commissions, and no longer had to write cabaret music, which he loathed. Satie took on Socrate, commissioned by the princess de Polignac, with complete seriousness: ‘†¦I’m frightened to death of bungling this work. I want it to be as white and pure as antiquity.’(1) Satie was charmed with Socrates since his school days. He must have identified with the Greek philosopher, having also chosen a plain life, despising wealth and materialism, and living by the principles he preached. ‘I always wanted to do something on Socrates,’ he remarked to Darius Milhaud. ‘It’s such an unjust story!’(2) Satie was a composer who was constantly looking for new directions in his art and re-examining the cultural excesses of the 19th century. Having abandoned the impressionistic harmonies he pioneered in the Sarabandes (1887) for a more dry style, centered around melody and delicate counterpoint, he formulated his aesthetics in 1917: ‘Do not forget that the melody is the Idea, the outline; as much as it is the form and the subject matter of a work. The harmony is an illumination, an exhibition of the object, its reflection†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(3) The first performance of Socrate was given on June 24th 1918, at the home of Jane Bathori, a singer of modern music, followed by a performance at the home of Comte Etienne de Beaumont and other private performances. Stravinsky attended one of these and remarked: ‘†¦The music of Socrates’ death is touching and dignifying in a unique way†¦ [After performing Socrate] he [Satie] turned around at the end and said in perfect Bourgeoisie: †Voila, messieurs, dames.† †¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢(4) The first â€Å"official† performance of Socrate was given in January 1920. The music raised hot arguments between those who loved it and those who thought it ridiculous. Satie’s reaction: â€Å"Those who do not understand are requested by me to assum... ...y that was the real reason he was executed. 8 Importance here is used 9 Louis Aragon, Traità © du Style, trans. Alyson Waters (Lincoln & London, University of Nebraska Press, 1991) 10 By â€Å"Icon† and â€Å"Iconize† I mean the process of associating a musical object with an external object, or a cultural image. Debussy creates musical textures which correspond to certain concrete things, such as the sea, the snow, etc. - a highly luxurious and sophisticated version of word-painting. That is the reason why his music can be conceived as programmatic, just like the expressionists, except he deals with nature rather than personal drama. 11 I believe this is the reason every writer who wrote about Socrate sees it completely differently. 12 Ornella Volta, Satie Seen Through his Letters (London, Marion Boyars, 1989), pp. 154. 13 This is best exmplified in his 1914 work for piano, Sports et Divertissements. 14 Louis Aragon, Irene (l’Or du Temps, 1968) 15 Jacques Attali, Noise: the Political Economy of Music (University of Minnesota, 1985, trans. Brian Massumi) 16 Pierre-Daniel Templier, Erik Satie (Cambridge & London, MIT Press, 1969, trans. Elena L. French and David S. French), pp. 102 1

Importance of Schools Essay

Insertion of Article 25-A in the Constitution has guaranteed the provision of free and compulsory education by the state to all children in the age cohort of 5 to 16 years. The 18th amendment and insertion of Article 25-A has the potential to accelerate the pace of achievement of national and international targets towards the achievements of MDGs since right to free and compulsory education has been recognized. In Khyber Pakhtunkhwa the lack of appropriate public sector educational institutes leads to the high ratio of drop out from schools. The available public sector schools in KP are not able to support high influx of students passing out from primary schools. Each second union council in Pakistan’s Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province has no high school for girls, leaving thousands of female students to drop out after completing primary education. Latest official data reveals that around 505 out of the total 990 union councils in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa have no high school for girls sho wing the apathy of the successive governments towards female education in the militancy-ravaged province. Similarly, 158 union councils have no high schools for boys. In the absence of high schools both for girls and boys majority of the students in the respective areas have no option but to stop going to schools after completing primary education. Unfortunately, on one hand a number of educational institutions, particularly for girls, were blown up or torched in the militant-infested districts of the province while on other the government in past failed to pay heed to establishment of high schools to boost the already deteriorating standard of education. The insecurity and lack of schools have increased the dropout rate of the children in early age. Sitting aside the far-off districts like inaccessible Kohistan and Dir, even the capital city of Peshawar is short of educational institutions. Out of total 93 union councils in Peshawar, about 55 have no high school for girls while 32 of them are without high school for boys, according to the data. Out of 75 union councils in Mardan the sec ond largest city in KP, 34 have no high school for girls and 15 have no high school for boys. The Kohistan district has total 38 union councils but only one of them has a high school for girls. Similarly, its 24 union councils have no high schools for boys. Bannu has 47 union councils and among them 23 have no high school for girls and 15 are without high school for boys. Similarly, 41 union councils in Swat, 21 in Abbottabad, 23 in Chitral, 27 in Charsadda, 14 in Dera Ismail Khan, 10 in  Lower Dir, 33 in Mansehra, 24 in Nowshera, 23 in Lakki, 16 in Battagram, 20 in Upper Dir, 23 in Shangla and 13 in Hangu have no high schools for girls. According to policy analysis report from UNESCO in 2012, there are about 2,845,843 students enrolled at primary level throughout KP, while only 1,077,597 at high schools in KP. This shows that almost 50% get dropped out after primary schools due to one reason or another, the most prevailing of which is the huge difference in the number of institutes both at primary and high level leads to the drop out of most of the students due to the non-availability of high schools in their locality or the high schools available do not have the facilities to accommodate the large number of students. Majority of the population cannot afford the fee structures of private schools so they are unwillingly compelled to discontinue the education of their children, and leaving no option but to involve their children in child labor. The lack of High Schools in the locality also leads to dropout. Due to cultural norms and values people mostly don’t send their female children to schools far from them.